diff --git a/app/main.rb b/app/main.rb
index 5f27c1b..626b52a 100644
--- a/app/main.rb
+++ b/app/main.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
-require "app/input.rb"
-require "app/sprite.rb"
-require "app/util.rb"
+require 'lib/coalesce.rb'
 
-require "app/constants.rb"
-require "app/menu.rb"
-require "app/scene.rb"
-require "app/game_setting.rb"
-require "app/sound.rb"
-require "app/text.rb"
+require 'app/input.rb'
+require 'app/sprite.rb'
+require 'app/util.rb'
 
-require "app/scenes/gameplay.rb"
-require "app/scenes/main_menu.rb"
-require "app/scenes/paused.rb"
-require "app/scenes/settings.rb"
+require 'app/constants.rb'
+require 'app/menu.rb'
+require 'app/scene.rb'
+require 'app/game_setting.rb'
+require 'app/sound.rb'
+require 'app/text.rb'
 
-require "app/scenes/cube_tube.rb"
+require 'app/scenes/gameplay.rb'
+require 'app/scenes/main_menu.rb'
+require 'app/scenes/paused.rb'
+require 'app/scenes/settings.rb'
+
+require 'app/scenes/cube_tube.rb'
 
 # NOTE: add all requires above this
 
-require "app/tick.rb"
+require 'app/tick.rb'
diff --git a/app/scenes/cube_tube.rb b/app/scenes/cube_tube.rb
index 819a59d..af6e359 100644
--- a/app/scenes/cube_tube.rb
+++ b/app/scenes/cube_tube.rb
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ class CubeTubeGame
 
     @bg_x = 0
 
-    each 0..@grid_w - 1 do |x|
+    (0..@grid_w - 1).each do |x|
       @grid[x] = []
-      each 0..@grid_h - 1 do |y|
+      (0..@grid_h - 1).each do |y|
         @grid[x][y] = 0
       end
     end
@@ -118,36 +118,27 @@ class CubeTubeGame
       @bg_x %= @bg_w
     end
 
-    @args.outputs.sprites << [@bg_x,0,@bg_w,720,Sprite.for(:tunnel)]
-    @args.outputs.sprites << [@bg_x-@bg_w,0,@bg_w,720,Sprite.for(:tunnel)]
+    Sprite.for(:tunnel).render(@args, { x: @bg_x, y: 0, w: @bg_w, h: 720 })
+    Sprite.for(:tunnel).render(@args, { x: @bg_x - @bg_w, y: 0, w: @bg_w, h: 720 })
 
-    @args.outputs.sprites  << [
-      0,
-      @grid_x - 64,
-      1597,
-      540,
-      Sprite.for(:train)
-    ]
+    Sprite.for(:train).render(@args, { x: 0, y: @grid_x - 64 })
   end
 
   def render_foreground
-    @args.outputs.sprites  << [
-      0,
-      @grid_x - 64,
-      1597,
-      540,
-      Sprite.for(:train_fore)
-    ]
+    Sprite.for(:train_fore).render(@args, { x: 0, y: @grid_x - 64 })
   end
 
   # x and y are positions in the grid, not pixels
   def render_block x, y, color
-    @args.outputs.sprites << [
-      (1280 - @grid_y) - (y * @blocksize) - 6,
-      @grid_x + (x * @blocksize),
-      @blocksize + 6, @blocksize,
-      @sprite_index[color]
-    ]
+    @sprite_index[color].render(
+      @args,
+      {
+        x: (1280 - @grid_y) - (y * @blocksize) - 6,
+        y: @grid_x + (x * @blocksize),
+        w: @blocksize + 6,
+        h: @blocksize
+      }
+    )
   end
 
   def render_grid
@@ -182,10 +173,7 @@ class CubeTubeGame
     screen_w = 250
     screen_h = 200
 
-    @args.outputs.sprites << [
-      screen_x, screen_y + 10, screen_w, screen_h + 10,
-      Sprite.for(:screen)
-    ]
+    Sprite.for(:screen).render(@args, { x: screen_x, y: screen_y + 10, w: screen_w, h: screen_h + 10 })
     
     next_piece = @line_clear_timer <= 0 ? @next_piece : @current_piece
     # render_grid_border *@next_piece_box, 8
@@ -207,10 +195,7 @@ class CubeTubeGame
       :screen_s4
     end
 
-    @args.outputs.sprites << [
-      screen_x, screen_y + 10, screen_w, screen_h + 10,
-      Sprite.for(screen_s)
-    ]
+    Sprite.for(screen_s).render(@args, { x: screen_x, y: screen_y + 10, w: screen_w, h: screen_h + 10 })
   end
 
   def render_score
diff --git a/app/scenes/main_menu.rb b/app/scenes/main_menu.rb
index 5cddb5d..2fc0423 100644
--- a/app/scenes/main_menu.rb
+++ b/app/scenes/main_menu.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,5 @@ module Scene
 
       args.outputs.labels << labels
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/sprite.rb b/app/sprite.rb
index 5c1fb2e..a2dccf3 100644
--- a/app/sprite.rb
+++ b/app/sprite.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,93 @@
 module Sprite
+  # Create type with ALL sprite properties AND primitive_marker
+  class SpriteInstance
+    attr_accessor :x, :y, :w, :h, :path, :angle, :a, :r, :g, :b,
+                  :source_x, :source_y, :source_w, :source_h,
+                  :tile_x, :tile_y, :tile_w, :tile_h,
+                  :flip_horizontally, :flip_vertically,
+                  :angle_anchor_x, :angle_anchor_y, :blendmode_enum
+
+    def primitive_marker
+      :sprite
+    end
+
+    def initialize opts
+      @x = opts[:x]
+      @y = opts[:y]
+      @w = opts[:w]
+      @h = opts[:h]
+      @path = opts[:path]
+      @angle = opts[:angle]
+      @a = opts[:a]
+      @r = opts[:r]
+      @g = opts[:g]
+      @b = opts[:b]
+      @source_x = opts[:source_x]
+      @source_y = opts[:source_y]
+      @source_w = opts[:source_w]
+      @source_h = opts[:source_h]
+      @tile_x = opts[:tile_x]
+      @tile_y = opts[:tile_y]
+      @tile_w = opts[:tile_w]
+      @tile_h = opts[:tile_h]
+      @flip_horizontally = opts[:flip_horizontally]
+      @flip_vertically = opts[:flip_vertically]
+      @angle_anchor_x = opts[:angle_anchor_x]
+      @angle_anchor_y = opts[:angle_anchor_y]
+      @blendmode_enum = opts[:blendmode_enum]
+    end
+
+    def render(args, opts = {})
+      args.outputs.sprites << [
+        opts[:x]._?(@x),
+        opts[:y]._?(@y),
+        opts[:w]._?(@w),
+        opts[:h]._?(@h),
+        opts[:path]._?(@path),
+        opts[:angle]._?(@angle),
+        opts[:a]._?(@a),
+        opts[:r]._?(@r),
+        opts[:g]._?(@g),
+        opts[:b]._?(@b),
+        opts[:source_x]._?(@source_x),
+        opts[:source_y]._?(@source_y),
+        opts[:source_w]._?(@source_w),
+        opts[:source_h]._?(@source_h),
+        opts[:tile_x]._?(@tile_x),
+        opts[:tile_y]._?(@tile_y),
+        opts[:tile_w]._?(@tile_w),
+        opts[:tile_h]._?(@tile_h),
+        opts[:flip_horizontally]._?(@flip_horizontally),
+        opts[:flip_vertically]._?(@flip_vertically),
+        opts[:angle_anchor_x]._?(@angle_anchor_x),
+        opts[:angle_anchor_y]._?(@angle_anchor_y),
+        opts[:blendmode_enum]._?(@blendmode_enum)
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
   # annoying to track but useful for reloading with +i+ in debug mode; would be
   # nice to define a different way
   SPRITES = {
-    train: 'sprites/train-1.png',
-    train_fore: 'sprites/train-2.png',
-    screen: 'sprites/screen.png',
-    screen_s1: 'sprites/screen-s1.png',
-    screen_s2: 'sprites/screen-s2.png',
-    screen_s3: 'sprites/screen-s3.png',
-    screen_s4: 'sprites/screen-s4.png',
-    tunnel: 'sprites/tunnel.png',
-    pause: 'sprites/pause.png',
-    gray: 'sprites/box/gray.png',
-    black: 'sprites/box/black.png',
-    white: 'sprites/box/white.png',
-    red: 'sprites/box/red.png',
-    green: 'sprites/box/green.png',
-    blue: 'sprites/box/blue.png',
-    yellow: 'sprites/box/yellow.png',
-    indigo: 'sprites/box/indigo.png',
-    violet: 'sprites/box/violet.png',
-    orange: 'sprites/box/orange.png'
+    train: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 1597, h: 540, path: 'sprites/train-1.png' }),
+    train_fore: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 1597, h: 540, path: 'sprites/train-2.png' }),
+    screen: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 250, h: 210, path: 'sprites/screen.png' }),
+    tunnel: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 267, h: 144, path: 'sprites/tunnel.png' }),
+    pause: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 16, h: 16, path: 'sprites/pause.png' }),
+    gray: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/gray.png' }),
+    black: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/black.png' }),
+    white: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/white.png' }),
+    red: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/red.png' }),
+    green: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/green.png' }),
+    blue: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/blue.png' }),
+    yellow: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/yellow.png' }),
+    indigo: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/indigo.png' }),
+    violet: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/violet.png' }),
+    orange: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 176, h: 148, path: 'sprites/box/orange.png' }),
+    screen_s1: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 250, h: 210, path: 'sprites/screen-s1.png' }),
+    screen_s2: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 250, h: 210, path: 'sprites/screen-s2.png' }),
+    screen_s3: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 250, h: 210, path: 'sprites/screen-s3.png' }),
+    screen_s4: SpriteInstance.new({ w: 250, h: 210, path: 'sprites/screen-s4.png' }),
   }
 
   class << self
@@ -32,5 +99,5 @@ module Sprite
       SPRITES.fetch(key)
     end
   end
-end
 
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/coalesce.rb b/lib/coalesce.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..752ab2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/coalesce.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Handy null coalesing operator, taken from
+# https://github.com/kibiz0r/coalesce/blob/bc4389ae8a8bb456cd10ec8a3523df1fc775124f/lib/coalesce.rb
+
+class Object
+  def _?(x = nil)
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class NilClass
+  def _?(x = nil)
+    if block_given?
+      yield
+    else
+      x
+    end
+  end
+end